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Unicast polling Unicast polling is a mechanism by which an SS is granted (by the BS) bandwidth (meaning a TDMA slot) solely for the SS to make bandwidth requests The rate of such unsolicited polling depends on the QoS requirement of the service associated with the SS SS can use each instance of the periodically available bandwidth for any purpose that fits its need It may use the bandwidth to send data traffic piggy-backed with requests for more bandwidth or it may send just its bandwidth requests to the BS Unicast polling also serves the purpose that with each SS transmitting some data to the BS periodically, it allows the BS to monitor the quality of the physical channel The frequency of unicast polling of an SS is determined by the type QoS requirement of the services being associated with the SS, as well as by the need to monitor the physical channel Broadcast/multicast polling Instead of periodically granting all SSs dedicated bandwidth for the purpose of bandwidth requests (as done with unicast polling), it may be more efficient to give such bandwidth to a set of SSs and allow them to use this bandwidth on a contention basis This may be desirable when the set of SSs are only serving best-effort traffic or the SSs are sitting idle The broadcast/multicast polling mechanism allows a BS to do just that by making transmission opportunities (eg, a transmission timeslot) available to all SSs (broadcast polling) or a group of SSs (multicast polling) on a periodic basis If a node belonging to the group has a bandwidth need, it sends a request for bandwidth using the transmission opportunity Once the BS receives the request, it subsequently makes bandwidth available to the requesting SS The bandwidth request mechanism is contention based, and the MAC provides several mechanisms to minimize the impact of such contentions.

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maximum While there are numerous reasons to use both thresholds and caps, the following are the most common:

As was discussed in an earlier section, one of the QoS parameters of a service flow is Service Flow Schedule Type Four types of scheduling services are defined by the standard and dictate how the services are scheduled:

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Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS) This is equivalent to CBR in ATM and is intended for applications that have real-time data streams consisting of fixed-size data packets generated at periodic intervals Examples include T1/E1 services For this type of service, BS grants fixed-size bandwidths periodically to SSs associated with the service flows without being solicited for the bandwidth by the SSs The size of the bandwidth grants at periodic intervals is sufficient to transport the fixed-size data needed by the service flow Real-time Polling Service (rtPS) rtPS is designed for real-time traffic with variable size packets generated at periodic intervals Examples of such traffic are MPEG video stream, VoIP with silence compression, and so on For this type of service, SSs are given opportunities to specify their bandwidth needs by means of periodic unicast polling If the bandwidth requests are within the realm of what can be granted, the bandwidth is granted to the SS Non-real-time Polling Service (nrtPS) nrtPS is designed to support delaytolerant data traffic for which a minimum data rate is required Examples of such traffic include various forms for Internet data transfer protocols In order for SSs to provide this type of service, the BS provides bandwidth request opportunities to the SS by means of unicast polling on a regular basis at an interval comparable to 1 sec Additionally, contention-based broadcast/multicast polling may be used by the SS to request bandwidth allocations dynamically as needs arise Best-effort Service (BE) BE, as the name suggests, is designed to transport data traffic on a best-effort basis with no minimum service level specified In order to provide this type of service, SSs use broadcast/multicast polling mechanisms to request necessary bandwidth SSs providing this kind of services may also be given transmission opportunities to request bandwidth using unicast polling

Thresholds: The primary reason for using a threshold is to avoid paying an incentive more than once for the same sale, year after year Ongoing revenue from a previous sale should not be treated as an annuity with continuous payments made into future years In such cases, the threshold is set at or above assured recurring revenue There are other reasons for using a threshold First, some organizations believe the salesperson should earn his or her base salary before an incentive is earned; therefore, the threshold is set at a number equal to the equivalent commission earnings for like sales volume Second, some organizations want to motivate the salesperson to achieve a minimum level of quota performance The threshold ensures that performance is consistent with this objective Finally, other sales organizations simply use a threshold as a statement of management intent of what is the minimal level of acceptable performance Maximums: Maximums (or caps) have always been problematic for sales organizations Most sales forces view maximums as very demotivational But companies use maximums for a number of reasonsThe most common reason is to preclude excessive earnings for unexpected, large orders Another reason caps are used is to offset the uncertainty of excessive payments caused by poor quota setting Although sales management should avoid the use of maximums, their use is necessary in certain cases Use caps when excessive sales are detrimental to the company s production capacity, or when sales personnel could achieve extraordinary sales results through unscrupulous sales practices

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